Updated: 28 September 2026 · Applies to: AlmaLinux 9, Rocky Linux 9, Ubuntu 24.04 and Debian 12

Linux permissions decide who can read (r), write (w) and execute (x) a file: the owner (u), the group (g) and others (o).

chmod u+w file          # owner may write
chmod g+r file          # group may read
chmod o-rwx file        # others get no access
chmod 644 file          # rw-r--r--  (typical web file)
chmod 755 dir           # rwxr-xr-x  (typical folder or script)
chmod -R 755 dir        # apply to a folder and everything in it
chown user:group file   # change owner (root only)

Note: Avoid 777 (anyone can change the file). On web hosting, use 644 for files and 755 for folders.

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